Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Sago Fiber Reinforced Composite Particleboard
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
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In this research, sago particles with adhesive of low emission Urea Formaldehyde (UF) resin with 51.6% solid content are the main focus. The optimum performance of sago urea formaldehyde composite particleboard is determined. The fabrication process is based on JIS A 5908 standard. Sago residues have chemical reactivity with the matrix such as UF or phenol formaldehyde (PF) due to the lignocellulose composition.They are able to be hot-pressed into particleboard. The feasibility of hybrid particleboard made from sago mixed with waste wood was investigated. The processing and material parameters for an optimized board were identified based on the right particle size, weight fraction, density, matrix and hybrid while the effect of parameter was investigated through mechanical, physical and thermal analysis. The results showed composite particleboard with 800 kg/m3 exhibited the optimum strength. The optimul mechanical properties were achieved at 80wt% of sago particles with particles size 1.18mm. Hybrid composite particleboard fabricated with ratio sago 25wt% and waste wood 75wt% able to improve the mechanical and physical propertie. The board performance was determined by the strength of the material, chemical bonding and its density. The interaction between particles depends on the particle and matrix bonding. The structure of the sago particleboard depends on the particle size, packing and the relative ratio. The sago particleboard met the requirement for ANSI A208.1-2009 as the door core, industrial and commercial purpose. The percentage of water absorption and thickness swelling increased with the weight fraction of particles. Composite particleboard made by PF has higher water absorption and thickness swelling compared with composite particleboard made by UF. The percentage of thickness swelling and water absorption can be reduced by impregnating higher loading of UF and PF. Sago UF/PF composite particleboard decomposed in single stage decomposition. The first step of decomposition is determination of moisture content while the iv second step is dehydration reaction on the polymer chain and final step is residues conversion to carbon. Different Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed an endotherm peak between 50 oC – 100 oC which indicates the high amount of water molecules in the board. Generally, sago particles decomposed at 230 oC to 350 oC which indicated the loss of amorphous structure like hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. The double endothermic peaks were due to the thermal decomposition of sago particles and filled with UF. Starch in the particleboard had contributed the high melting temperature due to cross-linking reaction between starch granules. Sample with single exotherm was found to be more thermally stable than those with multiple exothermal peaks. In hybrid particleboard, the addition of waste wood has improved the curing speed and better bonding between particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the bonding between functional group of sago particles and UF as well as the chemical interaction, which confirmed that the reactions between all the components in the composite system and thus, enhanced the mechanical strength of hybrid particleboard. A stable hydrogen bond was formed between UF and starch through chemical reaction. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that excellent dispersion of sago particles with matrix was important for stronger bonding. The better interfacial bonding and adhesion as well as reduction of micro-voids at the filler matrix interface occurred upon increasing of the matrix. SEM also showed the interaction between the sago particles and UF matrix was unsatisfactory due to particles debonding, particles pull-out, matrix fracture and particles damage occurred in sago UF particleboard.