Electrochemical Sensors for Histamine Detection: A Review

Abstract

Electrochemical sensor development is increasing across various applications, including food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental assessment. The sensors offer advantages, including enhanced detection performance, rapid response, portability, high sensitivity, and selectivity, which are important for portable sensing applications, such as histamine detection. Histamine is usually found in protein-rich foods as a biogenic amine produced by histidine decarboxylation. The presence of histamine is a marker of food spoilage and a potential for scombroid poisoning. Therefore, a reliable, sensitive, and rapid detection is required. This review discusses the principle of electrochemical detection and the parameters governing sensor performance, including sensor material, surface modification, temperature, pH, and interferences. Some materials were studied include carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanoparticles, conductive polymers, and enzymes. Furthermore, this review provides recent trends, challenges, and future perspectives in histamine detection.