Cognitive Processes Underlying Drug‑Related Recidivism: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

Drug-related recidivism is a persistent challenge shaped not only by structural and social conditions but also by individual cognitive processes. This study explored how incarcerated male drug offenders in Malaysia interpret and rationalize their repeated involvement in drug-related crimes. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of in-depth interviews with 25 participants, two overarching cognitive patterns were identified: poor long-term thinking and optimism bias. Participants frequently described impulsive decision-making, limited metacognition, and a preference for immediate rewards, often acknowledging risks yet disregarding them in favor of short-term gratification. Optimism bias manifested as expectations of lenient punishment, confidence in avoiding detection, and a belief in remaining “innocent” so long as one was not caught. These patterns collectively reduced the perceived need for behavioral change and sustained cycles of reoffending. The findings highlight the limitations of deterrence-based approaches that assume rational cost-benefit calculations, as many participants’ decisions were shaped by distorted thinking and impaired executive control. Instead, interventions targeting cognitive restructuring, decision-making skills, and metacognitive awareness may offer greater potential in reducing relapses into criminal behavior. By centering the lived experiences of repeat offenders, this study underscores the importance of integrating cognitive and neuropsychological insights into rehabilitation policy, moving beyond punitive responses toward approaches that address underlying cognitive vulnerabilities.