Efficient MAC Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network for Jungle Habitat
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
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The Receiver-Initiated Asynchronous Duty Cycle MAC Protocol (RI-MAC) is an asynchronous MAC protocol, which uses the Beacon as an acknowledgement from the receiver to the sender before data transmission. RI-MAC demonstrates higher duty cycle efficiency, reachability delay and higher packet delivery ratio (PDR) compared to other MAC protocols of similar nature. However, in rural application, the coverage area required is relatively wider and the number of sensor nodes for deployment is also huge. Hence, the cost for wireless sensor networks (WSN) development in rural area can be very high. In order to reduce the cost, the transmission range of sensor node needs to be increased in order to reduce the number of sensor node required for deployment especially in rural areas. Unfortunately, the advantages, higher duty cycle efficiency, reachability delay and higher PDR, may drop once the transmission range is increased beyond its designed communication range. This thesis focuses on the research and analysis of this limitation, where the failure to deploy WSN on a larger node-to-node distance has been identified mainly due to the limitation in the timeout in the Beacon transmission (BeaconTimeout). In the proposed improved receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC Protocol (the improved RI-MAC), the BeaconTimeout is optimized using the proposed k-constants to enhance the RI-MAC performance for larger node-to-node distance especially beyond the practical limits of RI-MAC, which is 600m. The proposed improved RI-MAC refers to the concept of IEEE 802.11E EDCA (WILD-EDCA) as reference to the conventional RI-MAC. One of the methods in IEEE 802.11E EDCA (WILD-EDCA) is used to achieve long range transmission by optimizing the timeout of slot time and period of ACK. Therefore optimizing the BeaconTimeout is possible to achieve long range transmission in conventional RI-MAC. From the simulation analysis, the improved RI-MAC has demonstrated better performance than the conventional RI-MAC and other existing iv enhanced RI-MAC such as ERI-MAC and EE-RI-MAC, where they have higher duty cycle efficiency, more reachability delay and high PDR. To further enhance the improved RI-MAC for greater adaptation to various node-to-node distances, auto ranging by Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) is introduced. The new mechanism allows the improved RI-MAC to improve or maintain the duty cycle efficiency by adaptively selecting the k-constants according to the maximum distance between the sender and the receiver. From the results in best scenario, adaptive long range RI-MAC (ALR-RI-MAC) have overall better performance in four aspects compared to other protocols. RI-MAC and ERI-MAC have overall 0.102s less in reachability delay and 69.8% less in PDR compared to ALR-RI-MAC and the improved RI-MAC. Compared to ALR-RI-MAC and improved RIMAC as well, EE-RI-MAC has overall 0.185s less in reachability delay and 91.837% less in PDR. However, in term of overall duty cycle performance, ALR-RI-MAC performs better compared to the improved RI-MAC (0.03% higher), RI-MAC (0.706% higher), ERIMAC (0.706% higher) and EE-RI-MAC (0.974% higher).