Industrial Structure Upgrading, Energy Transition and Economic Growth on Ecological Footprint in MENA.
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Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
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This research explores the complex relationship between factors of industrial structure upgrading, energy transition and economic growth on ecological footprint in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2012 to 2021. In this research, ecological footprint (EF) is used as the dependent variable, while independent variables include gross domestic product (GDP), industrial structure sector, energy transition index (ETI), finance development, trade openness, KOF globalisation index and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow. By employing panel data analysis, this research could obtain more variability and effective data among these variables under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis.