The Wakil Kesihatan Kampung programme as a community health volunteer model for improving rural healthcare access in Sarawak Malaysia

Abstract

Background Health inequities between urban and rural populations remain a persistent global challenge, particularly in geographically isolated regions. In Sarawak, Malaysia, access to healthcare is constrained by terrain, infrastructure, and workforce limitations. Community health worker (CHW) models have been widely adopted to bridge such gaps. The Wakil Kesihatan Kampung (WKK) programme, established in 1981, represents one of Malaysia’s earliest community-based health volunteer initiatives. Methods This study adopts a descriptive case study and historical analysis approach. Data were obtained from WKK programme guidelines, government reports, published literature, and experiential insights from programme implementation. A thematic analysis was conducted focusing on programme development, roles, achievements, and sustainability challenges. Results The WKK programme has contributed to improved healthcare access in rural Sarawak through health promotion, early disease detection, basic care provision, and facilitation of referrals. At its peak, over 2,600 volunteers served rural communities. The programme enhanced health literacy, strengthened community engagement, and improved linkage to formal healthcare services. However, the number of active WKK declined to 644 in 2023 due to infrastructural development, workforce expansion, and reduced volunteer participation. Conclusion The WKK programme demonstrates the continued relevance of community-based health volunteer models in addressing rural health inequities. Sustained impact requires structured funding, policy support, and integration into formal health systems. Future roles may include non-communicable disease management, digital health support, and disaster preparedness.