Implementation research in Primary Care (Part 2): How to conduct implementation research?

Abstract

This paper is the second paper on implementation research in primary care. This paper outlines key processes for conducting implementation research, emphasizing the importance of selecting relevant theories, models, and frameworks to guide each stage. Three core steps common for implementation research were described: identifying determinants that influence implementation, mapping appropriate strategies to address these determinants, and evaluating implementation outcomes. Determinant frameworks such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and the Theoretical Domains Framework help researchers understand contextual barriers and facilitators, while resources like the ERIC taxonomy and Behaviour Change Technique Taxonomy support strategy selection. Evaluation frameworks, including Proctor’s implementation outcomes and RE-AIM, enable systematic assessment of implementation success. This paper also highlights the essential role of stakeholder engagement throughout the research process. Together, these components offer a structured, theory-informed approach to support effective, scalable, and sustainable implementation efforts in primary care.