Motivation Scale Exploratory Development in Chinese University Tennis Physical Education Context

Abstract

Objective The present research aimed to evaluate the psychometrics of Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) in the Chinese compulsory tennis physical education context. Method Two Samples (n1=355, n2=245) of data were obtained from one Chinese university students who had tennis PE in semester 2024/2025-1 and 2024/2025-2. In Phase 1, the Self-determination Theory (SDT) based 5-factor model was examined for the total data. Based on Phase 1 implications, the original 5-factor model was shortened into a 4-factor model in Phase 2 and a 3-factor model in Phase 3. In Phase 4, a two-procedure EFA-CFA was performed across the two independent natural samples. Post-hoc Model Modification strategies were applied for the 4-phase analysis, including: (1) building paths stepwise based on values of modification indices (MI) and expected parameter change (EPC); (2) detecting low-loading items in CFA, (3) checking cross-loading items in EFA. Results The modified five-factor model obtained a good fit, but not discriminant validity. An SDT-based 3-factor model and an AGT-SDT-based 3-factor model were developed with good reliability and validity for the present population. Conclusion A 17-item 1-path 3-factor model obtained acceptable indices and converged with the simplified SDT continuum of Autonomous Motivation, Controlled Motivation, and Amotivation. The EFA-CFA analysis procedure derived an 18-item 3-factor model (Approach Motivation, Avoidance Motivation, and Amotivation), performed with acceptable quality and developmental adaptations in the present population.